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关键原材料法案 CRMA

英文名:REGULATION (EU) 2024/1252 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL。保障战略原材料供应安全与多元化,适用于关键原材料的开采、加工与进口企业。首次发布于2024 年。

官方编号
2024/1252
关键时间
2024
适用对象
关键原材料的开采、加工与进口企业

01

法规的适用条件

本法规适用于下列主体:

  • 关键原材料价值链企业:从事关键/战略原材料的勘探、开采、加工、回收
  • 使用战略原材料制造电池、氢、可再生技术、航空器、牵引电机、热泵、数据传输/存储、移动电子、增材制造、机器人、无人机、火箭发射器、卫星、先进芯片的「大型企业」(条件:平均雇员 >500 人且上一财年全球净营业额 >1.5 亿欧元)
  • 有意参与战略原材料需求聚合与联合采购的欧盟企业
  • 成员国与欧盟委员会:负责 2030 基准、战略项目与供应链监测/压力测试
  • 2030 基准:开采 ≥10%、加工 ≥40%、回收 ≥25% 的欧盟年消费量;任一战略原材料来自单一第三国的比例 ≤65%
  • (不适用)非大型企业的一般使用行为(自愿参与需求聚合/联合采购除外)

本条例未设单一条款集中界定整体适用范围;其适用对象主要体现在第1条(目标)及正文各章的义务条款中,如第24条针对使用战略原材料的特定「大型企业」。

下列原文条款界定了适用范围:

Article 1 — Subject matter and objectives

1. The general objective of this Regulation is to improve the functioning of the internal market by establishing a framework to ensure the Union’s access to a secure, resilient and sustainable supply of critical raw materials, including by fostering efficiency and circularity throughout the value chain. 2. To achieve the general objective referred to in paragraph 1, this Regulation lays down measures aiming to: (a) lower the risk of supply disruptions related to critical raw materials likely to distort competition and fragment the internal market, in particular by identifying and supporting strategic projects that contribute to lowering dependencies and diversifying imports and by undertaking efforts to incentivise technological progress and resource efficiency in order to moderate the expected increase in the Union consumption of critical raw materials; (b) improve the Union’s ability to monitor and mitigate the supply risk related to critical raw materials; (c) ensure the free movement of critical raw materials and products containing critical raw materials placed on the Union market while ensuring a high level of environmental protection and sustainability, including by improving their circularity.

1. 本条例的总体目标是通过建立框架以改善内部市场的运行,确保欧盟获得安全、有韧性且可持续的关键原材料供应,包括通过促进整个价值链的效率和循环性。 2. 为实现第1款所述总体目标,本条例规定旨在实现以下目标的措施: (a) 降低与关键原材料相关的、可能扭曲竞争和割裂内部市场的供应中断风险,尤其是通过识别并支持有助于降低依赖、实现进口多元化的战略项目,并努力激励技术进步和资源效率,以遏制欧盟关键原材料消费的预期增长; (b) 提高欧盟监测和缓解与关键原材料相关供应风险的能力; (c) 确保投放欧盟市场的关键原材料及含关键原材料产品的自由流动,同时确保高水平的环境保护和可持续性,包括通过改善其循环性。

Article 2, point (29) — Definitions ('large company')

‘large company’ means a company with more than 500 employees on average and a net worldwide turnover of more than EUR 150 million in the most recent financial year for which annual financial statements have been prepared;

‘大型企业’指在已编制年度财务报表的最近一个财政年度内,平均雇员超过500人且全球净营业额超过1.5亿欧元的企业;

Article 24 — Company risk preparedness

1. By 24 May 2025 and within 12 months of each update of the list of strategic raw materials pursuant to Article 3(3), Member States shall identify the large companies operating on their territory that use strategic raw materials to manufacture batteries for energy storage and e-mobility, equipment related to hydrogen production and utilisation, equipment related to renewable energy generation, aircrafts, traction motors, heat pumps, equipment related to data transmission and storage, mobile electronic devices, equipment related to additive manufacturing, equipment related to robotics, drones, rocket launchers, satellites or advanced chips. 2. Large companies as referred to in paragraph 1 shall, at least every three years and to the extent the required information is available to them, carry out a risk assessment of their raw materials supply chain of strategic raw materials, including: (a) a mapping of where the strategic raw materials they use are extracted, processed or recycled; (b) an analysis of the factors that might affect their supply of strategic raw materials; (c) an assessment of their vulnerabilities to supply disruptions.

1. 到2025年5月24日,并在每次依第3(3)条更新战略原材料清单后的12个月内,成员国应识别在其领土上运营、使用战略原材料制造以下产品的「大型企业」:用于储能和电动出行的电池、与氢的生产和利用相关的设备、与可再生能源发电相关的设备、航空器、牵引电机、热泵、与数据传输和存储相关的设备、移动电子设备、与增材制造相关的设备、与机器人技术相关的设备、无人机、火箭发射器、卫星或先进芯片。 2. 第1款所述大型企业应至少每三年一次,并在其可获得所需信息的范围内,对其战略原材料供应链开展风险评估,包括: (a) 梳理其使用的战略原材料在何处被开采、加工或回收; (b) 分析可能影响其战略原材料供应的因素; (c) 评估其面对供应中断的脆弱性。

02

法规主要要求

碳碳相关:价格、核算、申报、目标 环境环境相关:污染、废弃物、生态、产品环境属性
义务 触发条件 所需证据 关键时间
环境 关键原材料供应链尽调与认证 对关键原材料供应链作风险管理与认证。 使用/加工关键原材料的企业 供应链审计、认证证明 2024/1252 生效后分阶段
03

关键条款 · 中英对照

碳 Article 1(1) — general objective

The general objective of this Regulation is to improve the functioning of the internal market by establishing a framework to ensure the Union’s access to a secure, resilient and sustainable supply of critical raw materials, including by fostering efficiency and circularity throughout the value chain.

本条例的总体目标是通过建立框架,确保欧盟获得安全、有韧性且可持续的关键原材料供应,从而改善内部市场的运作,包括促进整个价值链的效率与循环性。

环境 Article 5(1) — capacity benchmarks and diversification by 2030

The Commission and Member States shall strengthen the different stages of the strategic raw materials value chain through the measures provided for in this Chapter in order to: (a) ensure that, by 2030, Union capacities for each strategic raw material have significantly increased so that, overall, Union capacity approaches or reaches the following benchmarks: (i) Union extraction capacity is capable of extracting the ores, minerals or concentrates needed to produce at least 10 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials ...; (ii) Union processing capacity ... at least 40 % of the Union’s annual consumption ...; (iii) Union recycling capacity ... at least 25 % of the Union’s annual consumption ...; (b) diversify the Union’s imports ... so that, by 2030 ... no third country accounts for more than 65 % of the Union’s annual consumption of such a strategic raw material.

委员会与成员国应通过本章措施加强战略原材料价值链各环节,以:(a) 确保到 2030 年各战略原材料的欧盟产能显著提升,总体上接近或达到以下基准:(i) 欧盟开采能力可开采至少相当于欧盟战略原材料年消费量 10% 的矿石、矿物或精矿……;(ii) 欧盟加工能力至少相当于年消费量的 40%……;(iii) 欧盟回收能力至少相当于年消费量的 25%……;(b) 多元化进口……使得到 2030 年……任何单一第三国占欧盟该战略原材料年消费量的比例不超过 65%。

碳 Article 28(1) — labelling of products incorporating permanent magnets

From two years after the date of entry into force of the implementing act referred to in paragraph 2, any natural or legal person that places on the market magnetic resonance imaging devices, wind energy generators, industrial robots, motor vehicles, light means of transport, cooling generators, heat pumps, electric motors ... shall ensure that those products bear a conspicuous, clearly legible and indelible label indicating: (a) whether those products incorporate one or more permanent magnets; (b) if the product incorporates one or more permanent magnets, whether those permanent magnets belong to any of the following types: (i) neodymium-iron-boron; (ii) samarium-cobalt; (iii) aluminium-nickel-cobalt; (iv) ferrite.

自第 2 款所述实施法案生效之日起两年后,任何将磁共振成像设备、风力发电机、工业机器人、机动车、轻型交通工具、冷却发电机、热泵、电动机……投放市场的自然人或法人,应确保这些产品带有显眼、清晰可读且不可磨灭的标签,标明:(a) 产品是否含有一个或多个永磁体;(b) 若含永磁体,其是否属于以下类型:(i) 钕铁硼;(ii) 钐钴;(iii) 铝镍钴;(iv) 铁氧体。

碳 Article 29(1) — recycled content disclosure for permanent magnets

By 24 May 2027 or two years from the entry into force of the delegated act referred to in paragraph 2, whichever is later, any natural or legal person that places on the market products referred to in Article 28(1) which incorporate one or more permanent magnets referred to in Article 28(1), point (b), (i), (ii) and (iii), and for which the total weight of all such permanent magnets exceeds 0,2 kg shall make publicly available on a free-access website the share of neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, terbium, boron, samarium, nickel and cobalt recovered from post-consumer waste present in the permanent magnets incorporated in the product.

到 2027 年 5 月 24 日或第 2 款所述授权法案生效后两年(以较晚者为准),任何将第 28(1) 条所述、含有第 28(1)(b)(i)(ii)(iii) 项所述永磁体、且此类永磁体总重量超过 0.2 kg 的产品投放市场的自然人或法人,应在免费访问网站上公开产品永磁体中所含源自消费后废物的钕、镝、镨、铽、硼、钐、镍和钴的比例。

04

涉及本法规的行业档案

05

同主题或同阶段的其他法规

06

原文法规链接

依据:EUR-Lex 官方文本与欧盟委员会官方文件;引用前请核对官方版本。基准日 2026-10-09。本页为合规导读,细节以官方原文与主管机关解释为准;标注〔审议中〕〔草案〕的条目请以最新立法进展为准。